Patient's Safety Culture: Principles and Applications: Review Article

Abstract

This study was conducted to review the literature towards patient's safety culture in terms and applications. Patient's safety is an essential component of healthcare quality. Even with continuous alertness, health care providers face many challenges in today’s health care environment in trying to keep patients safe. Patient's safety is now a required subject that can provide feedback to the healthcare systems with the possibility of implementing improvement measures based on the identification of specific problems. The culture of patient's safety can be analyzed at different levels of the healthcare system, through identifying strengths and weaknesses that configure the way that healthcare professionals think, behave and approach their work. Continuous evolutions in healthcare increase the importance of establishing and maintaining a culture of patient's safety. Therefore research on safety culture is needed to raise awareness about the role of culture in promoting a safer environment. Patient's safety culture examines how the perceptions, behaviors, and competencies of individuals and groups determine an organization’s commitment, style, and proficiency in health and safety management and it is used by organizations to determine targets for interventions to improve patient's safety, evaluate the success of patient's safety interventions, fulfill regulatory requirements, and conduct benchmarking. Patient's safety culture is approached from different perspectives or dimensions such as reporting the frequency and severity of incidents, which so far are not taken into account by hospital staff. In this sense, an ongoing commitment must exist by management to promote and facilitate the culture of patient's safety by providing the necessary tools to identify the most prevalent cultural patterns

Introduction

Patient's safety is an essential component of healthcare quality. Even with continuous alertness, health care providers face many challenges in today’s health care environment in trying to keep patient's safe. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has summarized the evidence about medical errors in the United States. This evidence estimates that up to 98,000 individuals die every year in hospitals as a result of medical errors. The IOM has suggested that the biggest challenge to move toward a safer health care system is changing the patient's safety culture (PSC) from one in which people are blamed for errors to one in which errors are treated as opportunities to improve the health care system and prevent harm (IOM, 2001 ).

The study of patient's safety is now a required subject that can provide feedback to the healthcare systems with the possibility of implementing improvement measures based on the identification of specific problems. The culture of patient's safety can be analyzed at different levels of the healthcare system, through identifying strengths and weaknesses that configure the way that healthcare professionals think, behave and approach their work. Continuous evolutions in healthcare increase the importance of establishing and maintaining a culture of patient safety. Therefore research on safety culture is needed to raise awareness about the role of culture in promoting a safer environment (IOM, 2004).

Patient's safety culture examines how the perceptions, behaviors, and competencies of individuals and groups determine an organization’s commitment, style, and proficiency in health and safety management (Lee, 1996), and it is used by organizations to determine targets for interventions to improve patient safety, evaluate the success of patient's safety interventions, fulfill regulatory requirements, and conduct benchmarking (Nieva and Sorra, 2003; Colla et al., 2005).

The study of patient's safety culture is approached from different perspectives or dimensions such as reporting the frequency and severity of incidents, which so far are not taken into account by hospital staff. In this sense, an ongoing commitment must exist by management to promote and facilitate the culture of patient's safety by providing the necessary tools to identify the most prevalent cultural patterns (Haynes, 2009).

Hospitals with well-developed PSC have been shown to reduce lengths of stay, reduce medication reconciliation errors, and improve nursing staff retention (Pronovost et al., 2005). The IOM recommended that health care organizations assess their PSC, redesign systems to reduce opportunities for error, and establish comprehensive patient's safety programs to increase European Scientific Journal May 2015 edition vol.11, No.15 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 85 detection of adverse events (Martin, 2008). The safety of a patient depends on each health professional’s ability to “do the right thing.” As a health professional continuously works at improving quality, individual performance shifts to “doing the right thing right” (Shojania et al., 2001).

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